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Sunday, September 4, 2016

Paediatrics: Head Examination: Differential Diagnoses

Delayed Dentition
Constitutional Delay •Protein Energy Malnutrition •Rickets •Hypothyroidism •Hypopituitarism
Causes of Delayed Dentition 
>>Various Anthrometric values at various ages and methods to calculate them.

Delayed Closure of Sutures
Protein Energy Malnutrition Pituitary Dwarf Rickets Hydrocephalus Cretinism Trisomy 13, 18, 21 Congenital Rubella Syndrome Thalassemia Major Achondroplasia Apert Syndrome Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Causes of Delayed Closure of suture

Bossing of Skull
Rickets Thalassemia Major Ehler Danlos Syndrome Congenital Syphillis Lowes Syndrome Achondroplasia
Causes Of  Bossing Of Skull
Bulging Anterior Fontanelles
Crying Infant Hyperparathyroidism Raised ICP Hydrocephalus Galactosemia Tetracycline Vitamin D therapy Vitamin A therapy Nalidixic Acid Overdose Flouroquinolones
Causes of Bulging Anterior Fontanelle
Craniotabe (Ping Pong Ball)
Physiological Osteogenesis Imperfecta Rickets Hydrocephalus Congenital Syphillis Hypervitaminosis A
Causes Of Craniotabes
Microcephaly (<-3SD for Age, Sex, Height and Weight)
Familial Trisomy 13, 21 Intrauterine TORCH infection Cerebral Dysgenesis/CP Cri du Chat Syndrome Fetal Alcohol/Hydrantoin/Cocaine Syndrome Craniosynostosis Neuronal Migration Defect
Causes of Microcephaly

>>Know the normal head circumference and its rate of growth.
Macrocephaly (> 2 SD or > 2.5cm of mean for age)
Hydrocephalus Thick skull Bone : Achondroplasia, Osteoporosis, Rickets, Oro-digito dysplasia Cerebral Gigantism Sub dural Hematoma / Effusion Hydrancephaly Intracranial Tumors Fragile X Syndrome Mucopolysaccharidosis
Causes of Macrocephaly

Macroglossia
Cretinism Downs Syndrome Duchene Muscular Dystrophy Glycogen Storage Disease (Pompes) Primary Amyloidosis
Causes of Macroglossia
Hyperplasia of Gums
Poor Oral Hygiene Phenytoin Scurvy Xanthomatosis Epulis
Causes of Gum Hyperplasia


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